History of Nursultan Nazarbayev

Nursultan Nazarbayev is a significant political figure known for his pivotal role in the history of Kazakhstan. Born on July 6, 1940, in the village of Chemolgan in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (now Kazakhstan), Nazarbayev navigated a complex political landscape to emerge as a central leader who would shape the trajectory of his nation for several decades.

Nazarbayev’s rise in politics can be traced back to his early education and career. He began his higher education at the Karaganda Polytechnic Institute and later at the Higher Technical Educational Institution in the city of Temirtau. His professional career started in the industrial sector, working at a steel factory, which eventually transitioned into political engagement. His involvement in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during the 1960s and 70s facilitated his initial rise in ranks, as he occupied various posts in the party, demonstrating his administrative capabilities and gaining experience in governance.

Nazarbayev's political acumen became particularly evident during the Gorbachev era of the Soviet Union when reforms like Glasnost and Perestroika began to take shape. In 1984, he was appointed the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, effectively serving as the Prime Minister. His leadership during this period was marked by efforts at economic reform and modernization, with a focus on increasing efficiency and productivity within the Kazakh economy.

The major turning point in Nazarbayev’s career came in 1989 when he was appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, making him the de facto leader of the republic. A year later, with the disintegration of Soviet Union governance structures, he became the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) of the Kazakh SSR. Celebrating Kazakhstan’s historical strides under his leadership, he played an instrumental role in shaping the country’s path to independence. On December 1, 1991, Nazarbayev was elected as the president of Kazakhstan in the country’s first direct presidential election, held just as the Soviet Union was on the verge of collapse. A few weeks later, Kazakhstan declared independence on December 16, 1991, with Nazarbayev as its first president.

Nazarbayev’s presidency was characterized by a blend of economic reforms and nation-building efforts. He pursued policies aimed at transforming Kazakhstan into a market economy, attracting foreign investment, and developing the country’s vast natural resources, particularly oil and gas. Under his administration, Kazakhstan achieved significant economic growth and became one of Central Asia’s most economically advanced nations.

However, Nazarbayev’s presidency also drew criticism for authoritarian tendencies. Over his tenure, he concentrated substantial political power within the executive branch, with limited opposition. While Nazarbayev initiated constitutional reforms and held elections, these were often criticized by international observers for falling short of democratic standards. Media restrictions and limited political competition were common, and opposition figures frequently faced significant challenges.

Nazarbayev’s influence extended beyond domestic politics. He positioned Kazakhstan as a strategic player on the international stage, maintaining balanced relations with Russia, China, and the Western countries. His foreign policy strategy was one of multi-vector diplomacy, ensuring Kazakhstan did not overly depend on any single country while fostering beneficial partnerships. Under his leadership, Kazakhstan played an active role in international organizations and initiatives, such as the OSCE and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, enhancing its profile in global affairs.

In 1997, Nazarbayev initiated the move of Kazakhstan’s capital from Almaty to Astana (now called Nur-Sultan), a decision aimed at fostering development in the northern regions and symbolizing a new era for the country. The move was initially met with skepticism, but Astana became a symbol of Kazakh ambition, showcasing modern architectural marvels and new governmental buildings.

Nazarbayev remained in power until March 19, 2019, when he announced his resignation in a televised address, marking the end of an era. However, his influence continued as he retained several critical security and political roles, notably the chairmanship of the Security Council of Kazakhstan. His resignation was a strategic move that allowed for a controlled transition of power, maintaining stability within the country. His successor, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, took office, but Nazarbayev's policies and legacy would have a lasting impact.

The Constitution of Kazakhstan was amended to allow Nazarbayev to remain the 'Leader of the Nation', a title that ensured his continued influence over national affairs. His legacy is complex; while credited with economic growth and stability, his tenure also raised concerns about democratic governance and political freedoms.

Throughout his political career, Nazarbayev authored books and writings, reflecting on his experiences and the path of Kazakhstan. His narrative often emphasized independence, economic modernization, and maintaining cultural identity in a rapidly changing world.

In conclusion, Nursultan Nazarbayev remains a pivotal figure in Kazakhstan's history, navigating its transition from a Soviet republic to an independent nation. His long tenure as president had profound effects on Kazakhstan's development, both economically and politically. While his legacy is a subject of debate, marked by achievements and criticisms, his impact on the country’s trajectory is undeniable.